whatmodel.sh / PaLM 540B

PaLM 540B is a closed-weights language model from Google, released April 2022. Its published size is 540.35B parameters. Licence: proprietary.

Catalogue identity notes

Google's original pre-trained PaLM 540B (Chowdhery et al., arXiv:2204.02311; Table 1: 540.35B parameters; 780B training tokens for 8B/540B, 795B for 62B). Not the 62B checkpoint trained to 1.3T tokens ('cont-PaLM'), not PaLM 2. Never released as weights or a public API. Comparison-only.

Model information sources

Release date ↗

46.6±0.4comparison only: no current run option verifiedfrom 94 benchmark results across 11 sources

Score within the LMArena (text) comparison set only.

$ how it compares

The LLMs ranked either side of PaLM 540B, out of 877 with a score, then more from Google.

#modelscorewhereRAMreleased
532Zephyr ORPO 141B-A35B v0.1 Hugging Face47±2local~56GB2024-04
533Claude 2.1 Anthropic47±1comparison only2023-11
534PaLM 540B Google47±0never released2022-04
535Phi-4-mini-reasoning 3.8B Microsoft47±2api $0.13/M +local~4GB2025-04
536Phi-3-medium-4k-instruct Microsoft47±1local~10GB2024-05
more from Google
11Gemini 4 Argon Google80±1api $4.00/M2026-09
26Gemini 3.8 Flash Google76±1api $1.50/M2026-09
34Gemini 3.7 Flash Google75±1api $1.50/M2026-08

see all LLMs · find the ones that fit your machine

$ what it's good at

coding█·█······█·█ #1 of 4 * · 2.5% of its score · 2 tests
testresultvs the others in its rundifficultycountswhy
HumanEval lab26.2% ✎▁▁▁▁▂▃▆▆█▅▂▁ beats 39/205medium · avg 45%▇ 1.8%sharp · at its level
MBPP lab36.8% ✎▁▁▁▄▅█▆▅▄▁▂▁ beats 14/86medium · avg 49%▇ 0.8%at its level · small run
math▁▂▃▆█▇▅▇▃▁▁▁ #256 of 523 · 21% of its score · 3 tests

Beats MiniMax-M2.1, DeepSeek V3 (Dec '24), GPT-4o (2024-08-06) here, though they rank higher overall. Trails Gemma 7B (base), Phi-2 (2.7B), Granite 8B Code Base (4K) here, though they rank lower overall.

testresultvs the others in its rundifficultycountswhy
GSM8K lab +656.9% ✎█·▅▃▃▃·▃·▃▃▅ beats 11/12easy · avg 67%▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 17%sharp · at its level · several runs
MGSM lab +245.9% ✎▆·▂·▄▂▂▂▂█▄▆ beats 15/18medium · avg 47%▇▇ 3.8%sharp · at its level · several runs
Minerva MATH lab8.8% ✎▄··▄··▄·▄··█ beats 2/5hard · avg 32%▇ 0.6%at its level
other tests47 not in a task · 76% of its score
testresultvs the others in its rundifficultycountswhy
AQuA-RAT lab +135.8% ✎█▁·▁▁·····▃▁ beats 10/12medium · avg 48%▇▇▇▇ 10%sharp · several runs
SVAMP lab +179.0% ✎▃▅█···▅·▃▃▃▅ beats 12/12easy · avg 82%▇▇▇ 7.3%sharp · at its level · several runs
CommonsenseQA lab +478.1% ✎█······▁·▁▁▃ beats 10/12easy · avg 87%▇▇▇ 6.9%sharp · several runs
ASDiv lab +173.9% ✎▅▃▃▅··▃▃·▃▃█ beats 11/12easy · avg 83%▇▇ 5.4%sharp · several runs
BIG-Bench Hard lab +349.1% ✎▂▂▂▂·▅·▃▂█▃▃ beats 12/18medium · avg 60%▇▇ 4.6%sharp · at its level · several runs
MMLU lab +271.3% ✎▁···▁··▃▁▅▅█ beats 15/18easy · avg 74%▇▇ 4.4%at its level · several runs
MAWPS (CoT-paper union) lab93.3% ✎▅▃█···▅·▃▃▃▅ beats 12/12very easy · avg 94%▇▇ 4.3%sharp
ARC Challenge lab +385.2% ✎▄▁▁▂▁▄█▇▃▂▃▂ beats 132/140easy · avg 86%▇ 3.7%sharp · at its level · several runs
39 more tests
testresultvs the others in its rundifficultycountswhy
BIG-bench Sports Understanding lab80.5% ✎█·····▃·▁·▄▃ beats 12/12medium · avg 81%▇ 2.4%sharp · at its level
WinoGrande lab +380.1% ✎▄····▄··▄·██ beats 6/6easy · avg 85%▇ 2.4%at its level · several runs
Natural Questions (closed book) lab +221.2% ✎▂▁▁▁▂▄▄▃▅█▅▁ beats 43/68hard · avg 32%▇ 1.9%at its level · several runs
BIG-bench Date Understanding lab49.0% ✎▃·▅·▅▃▅·▃▃·█ beats 11/12medium · avg 52%▇ 1.7%at its level
TriviaQA lab +276.9% ✎▁▁▂▂▄▄▃▆▅█▅▂ beats 75/80easy · avg 79%▇ 1.5%at its level · several runs
MMLU-STEM (Minerva subset) lab58.7% ✎▄······▄▄·▄█ beats 4/5medium · avg 62%▇ 1.4%sharp · at its level
BoolQ lab +288.0% ✎▁····▁▂█▆▅▆▄ beats 97/103easy · avg 90%▇ 1.4%several runs
StrategyQA lab +368.6% ✎█·····▅▃▃▅▃█ beats 12/12medium · avg 70%▇ 1.4%at its level · several runs
MedQA USMLE 4-option (few-shot prompted) lab58.9% ✎▄······▄▄▄·█ beats 4/5medium · avg 58%▇ 1.3%at its level
ANLI Round 1 (prompted) lab48.4% ✎█▁▃·▃·▄·▃··▃ beats 16/16hard · avg 51%▇ 1.2%sharp · small run
MedMCQA (few-shot prompted) lab54.5% ✎▄·····▄··█·█ beats 4/5medium · avg 55%▇ 1.1%at its level
HellaSwag lab +183.4% ✎▁▁▁▂▂▂▄▆█▇▄▂ beats 121/135easy · avg 87%▇ 1.0%several runs
TyDiQA-GoldP (1-shot, EM, 8-language average) lab52.9% ✎▂··▂·▂▄▄·███ beats 13/18medium · avg 61%▇ 1.0%at its level
COPA lab +293.0% ✎▁·▁▁▁▅▅█▆▃▁▁ beats 60/67very easy · avg 95%▇ 0.8%small run · several runs
OpenBookQA lab +153.4% ✎▅▁▁▁▂▂▃█▃▁▃▁ beats 82/107medium · avg 55%▇ 0.8%at its level · small run · several runs
ARC Easy lab +395.3% ✎▁▃▂▄▆█▅▃▁··▃ beats 100/100easy · avg 85%▇ 0.7%blunt · small run · several runs
WiC (prompted) lab59.1% ✎█·▂▁······▁▃ beats 13/13hard · avg 60%▇ 0.7%sharp · noisy · small run
ANLI Round 2 (prompted) lab44.2% ✎█▅▃▅▃▃▅▃█··▃ beats 16/16hard · avg 45%▇ 0.6%small run
Story Cloze Test lab +284.6% ✎▃▃▃▂▅█▅▃▁··▂ beats 44/50easy · avg 89%▇ 0.6%blunt · at its level · small run · several runs
OCWCourses (Minerva) lab7.1% ✎▄·····▄█··▄▄ beats 2/5hard · avg 15%▇ 0.6%typical
PIQA lab +282.3% ✎▁▁▁▂▂▃▅█▅▃▁▁ beats 108/123easy · avg 85%▇ 0.5%blunt · at its level · several runs
RTE (prompted) lab72.9% ✎▅▃·▃··▅·▅▅▃█ beats 13/13medium · avg 75%▇ 0.5%at its level · small run
AddSub lab91.9% ✎█·········██ beats 2/2very easy · avg 89%▇ 0.5%small run
LAMBADA (OpenAI version), last-word accuracy lab +177.9% ✎▁·····▁▁▃▃██ beats 84/86easy · avg 84%▇ 0.4%blunt · several runs
MultiRC (SuperGLUE, prompted, F1a) lab83.5% ✎▃·▃██···▅··▃ beats 10/10very easy · avg 85%▇ 0.4%small run
MultiArith lab94.7% ✎█·········██ beats 1/2very easy · avg 93%▇ 0.3%sharp · noisy · small run
PubMedQA (few-shot prompted) lab55.0% ✎▄·······▄▄▄█ beats 1/5medium · avg 75%▇ 0.3%at its level · noisy
SQuAD 2.0 (prompted, F1) lab80.8% ✎▃▃···▃▃█▃▃▃▃ beats 10/10very easy · avg 85%▇ 0.3%small run
ANLI Round 3 (prompted) lab45.7% ✎▂·▆▂██·▄··▂▃ beats 16/16hard · avg 44%▇ 0.3%small run
SuperGLUE WSC (prompted) lab89.1% ✎█··▁·▃·▄▂▁▅▃ beats 26/26easy · avg 83%▇ 0.2%blunt · at its level · small run
Winograd Schema Challenge (WSC273) lab90.1% ✎█▃·▅▃▃█▅██▅▃ beats 21/21easy · avg 92%▇ 0.2%blunt · small run
CoQA lab77.6% ✎▂···▃▂▂·▆▅▂█ beats 16/17very easy · avg 88%▇ 0.2%small run
QuAC (prompted, F1) lab45.2% ✎▅··▃▃█··▃▅·▃ beats 10/10medium · avg 53%▇ 0.2%blunt · at its level · small run
RACE-middle lab68.1% ✎▄▄····▄█·███ beats 10/10easy · avg 74%▇ 0.2%blunt · at its level · small run
RACE-high lab49.1% ✎▂▄·▂▂▂▂▂▆▄▂█ beats 17/17medium · avg 53%▇ 0.2%blunt · at its level · small run
DROP lab69.4% ✎▃▅█▅·▃·▆▄▂▁▃ beats 35/44medium · avg 62%▇ 0.2%blunt · at its level · small run
ReCoRD (SuperGLUE, prompted) lab92.9% ✎▄·▄···▄███▄▄ beats 10/10very easy · avg 95%▇ 0.1%blunt · maxed out · small run
CommitmentBank (prompted) lab51.8% ✎▂▃·▂█▂▂▃·▂·▂ beats 11/13medium · avg 60%▇ 0.1%blunt · at its level · small run
WebQuestions (closed book) lab10.6% ✎▅▅▃▅▃·▃▃▅█▅▃ beats 13/17very hard · avg 4.3%▇ 0.0%blunt · too hard for it · small run

$ where to run it

No verified API or download recorded yet · add one

$ how the score was worked out · Chain-of-Thought Prompting El… 36%, PaLM: Scaling Language Modeli… 16%, Transcending Scaling Laws wit… 12% and 8 more

Each result implies a score on its own, after adjusting for how hard its test is and who ran it. The score is their weighted average, with a small pull toward the middle for thinly tested models. Each test's weight is its counts column above; here it's added up by who ran the tests. How it works

not counted (5)

Transcending Scaling Laws with 0.1\% Extra Compute — authors' own runsGSM8K [correct]54.9%the only model in this source's run of the test, so there is nothing to compare it with there; another run of the test counts
Transcending Scaling Laws with 0.1\% Extra Compute — authors' own runsBIG-Bench Hard [correct]44.8%the only model in this source's run of the test, so there is nothing to compare it with there; another run of the test counts
Transcending Scaling Laws with 0.1\% Extra Compute — authors' own runsStrategyQA [correct]76.4%the only model in this source's run of the test, so there is nothing to compare it with there; another run of the test counts
Transcending Scaling Laws with 0.1\% Extra Compute — authors' own runsCommonsenseQA [correct]76.9%the only model in this source's run of the test, so there is nothing to compare it with there; another run of the test counts
Transcending Scaling Laws with 0.1\% Extra Compute — authors' own runsMGSM [correct]45.9%the only model in this source's run of the test, so there is nothing to compare it with there; another run of the test counts

$ improve this page

Use a short GitHub form or edit the data through a pull request. Every number needs a source; here's which ones we can use.

data updated · sources and licences · json